Traditional Security Dynamics (legacy)

• India-centric threat perception — dominated strategic thinking since 1947 (wars: 1948, 1965, 1971, 1999 Kargil)
• Nuclearization (1998) shifted deterrence calculus — reduced full-scale war likelihood, increased sub-conventional friction

Shift Toward Non-Traditional & Hybrid Threats

• Internal terrorism (TTP, BLA, ISKP) now as significant as external threats
• Hybrid warfare — combination of conventional posturing + proxy/non-state actors + information warfare
• Cyber domain emerging as new security frontier

Regional Realignment Impact

• Afghanistan's Taliban takeover (2021) — new western border security dilemma
• India's Cold Start Doctrine & Balakot-style airstrikes (2019) — pushed Pakistan toward Full Spectrum Deterrence (tactical nukes)
• China-Pakistan strategic partnership — adds economic-security dimension (CPEC security threats from BLA)

Emerging/Non-Traditional Dimensions

• Climate security — floods, water stress increasingly framed as national security issues
• Economic security — debt dependency, IMF reliance seen as sovereignty/security concern
• Information warfare & disinformation — growing concern in hybrid conflict era

Net Assessment

• Security dynamics shifting from a purely India-centric, conventional-military framework to a multi-dimensional one: internal militancy, economic fragility, climate stress, and great-power competition (US-China) all now factor into national security calculus

Exam angle

Use a "then vs now" comparative structure — traditional vs evolving threats — this is a favorite CSS essay-style framing.