Overview

• Discourse: a serious, formal, and connected form of communication (speech or writing) regarding a specific subject — it must be an effective exchange of ideas between writer and reader; if the reader cannot understand the text, it lacks discourse.
• A CSS essay should draw on four forms of discourse: Exposition, Argument, Description, and Narration — examiners expect the ability to move between them within the same essay.

Quick Definitions (with Generic Examples)

Discourse types are different ways of organizing language (spoken or written) to achieve a specific purpose.

1. Narrative Discourse (Tells a Story)

Purpose: to entertain or describe events in sequence.

Last Sunday, Ali went to the park with his friends. They played cricket, had lunch together, and returned home before sunset.

2. Descriptive Discourse (Describes a Person, Place, or Thing)

Purpose: to create a clear picture in the reader's mind.

The garden was full of colorful flowers. Tall green trees surrounded the area, and the sweet fragrance of roses filled the air.

3. Expository Discourse (Explains or Gives Information)

Purpose: to inform, explain, or teach.

Water is essential for all living things. It helps plants grow, regulates body temperature, and supports many life processes.

4. Argumentative Discourse (Presents an Opinion with Reasons)

Purpose: to persuade the audience.

Schools should require students to wear uniforms because uniforms promote equality, reduce distractions, and create a sense of discipline.

Summary Table

Easy Way to Remember