CSS CS Optional — Paper-I, Section-B, Topic V. Three-way distinction — don't collapse into "testing."
| Quality Assurance (QA) | Quality Control (QC) | Testing |
|---|---|---|
| Process-focused, preventive | Product-focused, detective | One activity within QC |
| Applies across whole SDLC | Applied to specific build/release | Executes software to find bugs |
| "Right process?" | "This build defect-free?" | "Does this test case pass?" |