CSS CS Optional — Paper-I, Section-B, Topic V. Own syllabus line item — not a subtype of process models.
🔑 Agile Manifesto — 4 Values
- Individuals & interactions over processes and tools
- Working software over comprehensive documentation
- Customer collaboration over contract negotiation
- Responding to change over following a fixed plan
📌 5 Frameworks to Name (FPSC has asked for 5 by name)
- Scrum — fixed sprints, Product Backlog, Scrum Master, Product Owner, daily stand-ups.
- XP (Extreme Programming) — pair programming, TDD, continuous integration, frequent releases.
- Kanban — visual board, WIP limits, continuous flow.
- Crystal — scaled by team size/criticality, people over process.
- Lean — eliminate waste, decide late, deliver fast.
- FDD — organizes around a prioritized feature list.
📌 Why Frequent Customer Interaction Matters
- Validates direction early (before effort is wasted)
- Requirements can evolve without being "failures"
- Reduces cost of change (2-week sprint fix ≪ 12-month Waterfall fix)
- Mechanism: sprint reviews/demos + Product Owner role
🔥 Past Papers
- 2023 Q6(c) — describe 5 agile frameworks (6 marks)